Apa 6th

This brief review is based on the guidelines for referencing given in chapters 6 and 7 of in the APA's Publication manual (American Psychological Association, 2010). Full bibliographic details ar given in the example reference list below.

References in running text

Quotes

• A direct quote should be highlighted so the reader can easily distinguish between quotes and original text. Quotes of less than 40 words should be integrated into the text and enclosed by quotation marks. The name of the author, the year and the page number are written in parentheses immediately after the quote. Separate elements withing the parentheses with a comma. If you incorporate the author’s name into your own text, you should enter only the year and page number in parentheses after the quote.
• A direct quote of 40 words or more is written as a separate, indented paragraph without quotation marks. The author’s name, year and the page number are written in parentheses immediately after the quote.

Refererring in running text

• APA 6th is an author-year style, i.e., in running text the references are given by the author’s surname and year of publication, in parenthesis.
  Example: (Kessler, 2003), or, if you have worked the author's name into the text, Kessler (2003)
• Publications with more than one author:
  • Two authors: name both authors every time you refer to them.
    Example: (Walker & Allen, 2004), or, if the name of the author is worked into your text, Walker and Allen (2004). Note that the "&" sign is only used within parentheses in running text, and in the reference list.
  • Three to five authors: name all the authors in the first reference. In subsequent references give the name of the first author, followed by et al.
    Example: (Bradley, Ramirez, Soo & Walsh, 2006), or Bradley, Ramirez, Soo and Walsh (2006), subsequently (Bradley et al., 2006) or Bradley et al. (2006)
  • Six or more authors: give only the name of the first author, followed by et al.
    Example: (Wasserstein et al., 2005) or Wasserstein et al. (2005)
• Several publications with the same author and year: In your reference list, order the publications alphabetically by title, and add a lowercase "a" to the publication year of the first entry, a lowercase "b" to the publication year of the second, etc. .
• Secondary sources, i.e., a source quoted in another source where you have not read the original. Name the original and refer to your secondary source - NEVER refer directly to a source you have not seen yourself.
  Example: Allport's diary (as quoted by Nicholson, 2003)
• Organizations or groups as authors: Use the organization’s or groups's name and the year of publication.
• No author or editor stated: Enter the title or a shortened tile and the year of publication. Titles of articles or chapters are enclosed by quotation marks, the titles of books, leaflets or reports are written in italics.

Reference list

• The reference list should be double-spaced, like the rest of your manuscript, and use a hanging indent format, i.e., in each entry, lines following the first should be intented.
• The reference list should be ordered alphabetically by authors’ surnames, and initials.
• If an author has more than one publication, these are ordered according to their year of publication, starting with the oldest.
• If there are several publications by the same author in the same year, they should be ordered alphabetically by title, and distinguished by adding a lowercase a, b, c etc. after the year of publication, within the parentheses.

Journal articles

• Surname, Initial., & Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of periodical in italics, volume number in italics (issue number in parentheses), page range or page number.
• Kwan, I., & Mapstone, J. (2004). Visibility aids for pedestrians and cyclists: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(3), 305-312.

Articles in electronic journals with a DOI

Include the DOI - the letters doi should be written in lower case

• Surname, Initial., Surname, Initial., Surname, Initial. (Year, date). Title of the article. Name of the journal in italics, volume number in italics (issue). doi.
• Franzen, J. L., Gingerich, P. D., Habersetzer, J., Hurum, J. H., Von Koenigswald, W., & Smith, B. H. (2009, 19 May). Complete primate skeleton from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and paleobiology.
  PLoS ONE, 4(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723

Articles in electronic journals without DOI

Include the home page URL of the journal

• Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Name of the journal in italics, volume number in italics (issue). Retrieved from URL.

• Morgan, K. & Ó Gráda, C. (2011) The Poor Law of Old England: Institutional innovation and
     demographic regimes. Journal of interdisciplinary history 41(3), 339-66. Retrieved from
     http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/

Books

Books with (a) personal author(s)

• Surname, Initial., & Surname, Initial. (Year). Title: Sub-title in italics. Place of publication: Publisher.
• Sjöwall, M., & Wahlöö, P. (2002). Døden tar buss: Roman om en forbrytelse. Oslo: De norske bokklubbene.

Edited books

• Editor’s surname, Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Title: Sub-title in italics. Place of publication: Publisher.
• Alsvik, O. (Ed.). (2005). Musikk, identitet og sted. Oslo: Norsk lokalhistorisk institutt.

The in-text citation for an edited book should include the editor's surname and the year of publication, e.g. (Alsvik, 2005).

Book with no author or editor

• Title: Subtitle in italics. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.
• Historisk riss for Vestfold: Vestfolds historiske utvikling fra 10000 f. Kr og til vår egen tid. (2005). Tønsberg: Vestfold fylkeskommune

The refererral in running text for books (or other reference types) with no author or editor should use the title or a shortened version of the title:

• ... (Title or Shortened title, Year) or: Title or Shortened title (Year)
• ... (Historisk riss for Vestfold, 2005) or: Historisk riss for Vestfold (2005)

PhD or Master’s thesis

• Surname, Initial. (Year). Title: Subtitle in italics (Master’s thesis/PhD thesis, Institution, incl. Country as required). Place of publication: Publisher.
• Preminger, M. (2008). The Uexküll approach: Evaluation of multivariate data organizations for support of visual information retrieval (PhD thesis, University of Tampere, Finland). Tampere: Tampere University   Press.

Book chapters

• Author, Initial. (Year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In Initial. Surname & Initial. Surname (Ed.), Title (pp. from-to). Place of publication: Publisher.

• Trickett, E. J. (2001). Mental Health: Community Interventions. In N. J. Smelser, & P. B. Baltes (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. (pp. 9645-9648). Amsterdam: Elsevier

Example of  a reference list

The reference list should use hanging indent format, i.e., the second and subsequent lines in each entry should be indented.

Alsvik, O. (Red.). (2005). Musikk, identitet og sted. Oslo: Norsk lokalhistorisk institutt.

Historisk riss for Vestfold: Vestfolds historiske utvikling fra 10000 f. Kr og til vår egen tid. (2005).

Tønsberg: Vestfold fylkeskommune.

Kwan, I., & Mapstone, J. (2004). Visibility aids for pedestrians and cyclists: a systematic review of randomised

    controlled trials. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(3), 305-312.

Morgan, K. & Ó Gráda, C. (2011) The Poor Law of Old England: Institutional innovation and

    demographic regimes. Journal of interdisciplinary history 41(3), 339-66. Retrieved from

    http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/v041/41.3.kelly.html.

NAV. (2007, 31 December). Nær 8000 raskere tilbake. Retrieved from http://www.nav.no/805371523.cms

Preminger, M. (2008). The Uexküll approach: Evaluation of multivariate data organizations for

     support of visual information retrieval (PhD thesis, University of Tampere, Finland). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Sjöwall, M., & Wahlöö, P. (2002). Døden tar buss: Roman om en forbrytelse. Oslo: De norske bokklubbene.

Trickett, E. J. (2001). Mental Health: Community Interventions. In N. J. Smelser, & P. B. Baltes (Ed.),

      International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. (pp. 9645-9648). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

More about the APA style

• APA Style (apa.org)
• VIKO: Reference list in APA-style (NTNU)
• Concise rules of APA style