Harvard

Referencing

Quotes

• Direct quotes of less than three lines are normally marked by quotation marks in the running text.
• Longer quotes should be given in a separate paragraph, distinguished from the running text by means of indentation and formatting.

References in running text

• With works by a single author, the in-text citation gives the name of the author and the year of publication, in parentheses. Example: "Democratic media have been said to constitute a ‘Fourth Estate’ (Carlyle, 1905) or ‘public sphere’ (Habermas, 1989) with a crucial role in guarding the democracy and defending the public interest, but most of the organs of the ‘established’ media are also commercial enterprises intent on continued profitability." If you refer to a specific point made by your author also add the page number, e.g (Habermas, 1989, p. 68). Elements within the parentheses should be separated by a comma.
• If one author is cited with several works published in the same year, the different publications are distinguished by adding a, b, c, etc. to the year of publication, see under the heading "Reference list entires" below.
• Secondary sources are sources quoted in your sources, where you do not have access to the original text. Refer to the source you have read, not the original, e.g.,  (Moore, quoted in Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens 1992).
• If you wish to make several references on a single point, give all the names and dates in parentheses separated from each other with semicolons (Moore, 1966; Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens, 1992).

Reference list entries

• The entries in the reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author's surname, then by initials.
• If there are several works by one author in your reference list, do not repeat the author's name for the second and subsequent entries, replace it with six dashes (------)
• If the same author has several works published in the same year, the publications should be ordered alphabetically by title so the first publication is given the suffix a, the second b, the third c etc.
• All elements in the reference list entries are separated with a comma.
• Author names are given as surname and the inital of the given name. If there are several given names all initials should be given, with period signs (.), but without spaces. Only the first author's name should be inverted.
• Abbreviations like "vol.", "no.", "p." or "pp." should be in the language of your paper, not the language of the publication you refer to.

Examples

Articles in journals

In-text citation

• (Surname and Surname, Year)
• (Hauser and Benoit-Barne, 2002)

Reference list entry

• Surname, Initial. and Initial. Surname, Year, "Article title", Journal name, Volume, number, page or page range.
• Hauser, G. and  C. Benoit-Barne 2002, "Reflections on Rhetoric, Deliberative Democracy,
    Civil Society." Rhetoric and Public Affairs vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 261–275.

 

Articles in electronic journals - with DOI

In-text citation

• ... (Surname and Surname, Year)
• ... (Kane and Patapan, 2010)

Reference list entry

• Surname, Initial. and Initial. Surname, Year, "Article title", Journal name, volume, number, page or page range, doi
• Kane, J. and H. Patapan 2010, "The Artless Art: Leadership and the Limits of Democratic Rhetoric",
    Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 371–389, doi: 10.1080/10361146.2010.499162

Books

In-text citation

• (Surname, Year)
• (Carlyle, 1905)

Reference list entry

• Surname, Initial. and Initial. Surname  Year, Book title. Place of publication: Publisher.
• Carlyle, T. 1905, On Heroes, London, H.R. Allenson.
• Habermas, J. 1989, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere,
      Translated by T. Burger, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Books with more than one author

• Two authors: Give both names each time you quote them.
   (Furseth and Everett, 1997)
• More than three authors: Give all names the first time you quote them, then only the first author followed by et al.

Books with an editor

In-text citation

    ... (Alsvik, 2005)

Reference list entry

    Alsvik, O. (Ed.). 2005, Musikk, identitet og sted. Oslo: Norsk lokalhistorisk institutt.

 

PhD or Master’s theses

 

In-text citation

• ... (Ustad, 2003)

Reference list entry

• Ustad, Øyvind 2003, "Bedrifters samfunnsansvar og vertslands forhandlingsstyrke. Eksempelet
    Statoil i Angola, Nigeria og Aserbajdsjan." Hovedoppgave. Trondheim: Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige
    universitet. Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Trondheim.

Note that the title of unpublished theses should be placed in quotation marks, whereas published theses should be written in italics, like the title of published books.

Chapters in books

In-text citation

• (Kuhn, 2005)

Reference list entry

• Kuhn, R. 2005, "Media Management." In The Blair Effect 2001–5, eds. A. Seldon and D. Kavanagh.
      Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Web pages

In-text citation

• (Transparency International, 2011)

Reference list entry

• Transparency International 2011, “Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results.”
      Avialable from: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results 
      [12 March 2011]

Example of a reference list

Alsvik, O. (Ed.). 2005, Musikk, identitet og sted. Oslo: Norsk lokalhistorisk institutt.

Carlyle, T. 1905, On Heroes. London: H.R. Allenson.

Furuseth, I. and E. Everett 1997, Masteroppgaven. Hvordan begynne – og fullføre.
   Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Habermas, J. 1989, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere.
   Translated by T. Burger. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hancock, W.K. 1930, Australia. London: Benn.

Hauser, G. and C. Benoit-Barne. 2002, ‘Reflections on Rhetoric, Deliberative Democracy,
  Civil Society.’ Rhetoric and Public Affairs, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 261–75.

Kane, J. and H. Patapan 2010, "The Artless Art: Leadership and the Limits of Democratic Rhetoric,"
  Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 45 no. 3, pp. 371-389, DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2010.499162

Kuhn, R. 2005, "Media Management." In A. Seldon and D. Kavanagh (eds.) The Blair Effect 2001–5,
  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Melleuish, Gregory 2009, "Bruce Smith, Edward Shann, W.K. Hancock: The economic critique of democracy in
  Australia," Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 579-595

Moore, B. 1966, Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and
   peasant in the making of the modern world. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Morgan, H. 1992, "The Australian Constitution: A living document." Upholding the Constitution:
   Proceedings of The Samuel Griffith Society Inaugural Conference. 24–26 July, Melbourne,
   avaialable from: http://www.samuelgriffith.org.au/papers/html/volume%201/chap1.htm [20 October 2009).

Rueschemeyer, D., E.H. Stephens and J.D. Stephens 1992, Capitalist Development
  and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Smith, B. [1887] 2005, Liberty and Liberalism. Reprint. Sydney: Centre for Independent Studies.